On the Motion of a Three-Dimensional Quasi-Steady Convective Storm in Shear

1978 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1622-1627
Author(s):  
K. E. Haman
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Convective Storm

Evaluation of micro physical products of GPM/DPR with X-band radar network data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Takahashi ◽  
Takeharu Kouketsu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Convective Storm ◽  
Radar Rainfall ◽  
Radar Network ◽  
X Band ◽  
Vertical Wind Speed

<p>One of the major characteristics of dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) onboard Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite, is estimation of cloud physical properties of precipitation such as drop size distribution (DSD), existence of hail/graupel particles and possibly the mixed phase region above freezing height.  In this study, ground-based X-band radar network data are utilized for evaluate the cloud physical products from GPM/DPR.  The X-band radar network, composed of 39 X-band dual polarimetric radars developed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan, called XRAIN[1] is utilized for the evaluation.  The XRAIN radar completes volume scan up to the elevation angle of 20 degrees in 5 minutes.  By using multiple radars, three dimensional wind field is estimated by using the dual-Doppler analysis technique.　In this analysis DSD parameter from DPR (which is called epsilon in DPR product) and dual frequency ratio (DFR) that correlate well median diameter of DSD are compared with ZDR and KDP from XRAIN data.  The vertical wind data from XRAIN is utilized to characterize the Z of DPR. The case on August 27, 2018, on which GPM satellite flew over a hail producing convective storm around Tokyo, is analyzed.  Comparison of three dimensional structure of the storm between KuPR (Ku-band radar of DPR) and XRAIN from multiple radar observations shows that both observations are quite similar each other except for the KuPR observation show rather larger volume because of the larger footprint size.  At the rain region (below freezing height), the DSD parameter of DPR (epsilon) and DFR correlate well with ZDR and KDP from XRAIN, respectively.  This result indicates the DPR algorithm works well to estimate the DSD information of rain.  The comparison of Z with vertical wind speed indicates that the higher Z is characterized as higher variance of vertical wind speed. Above the freezing height, the relationship between both observations are complicated.  This result indicates that the various types of precipitation particles not only solid particles but also liquid/mixed phase particle can exist in the severe convective storm.  The hydrometeor type classification from XRAIN by using the method by Kouketsu et al. (2015) [2] confirms that the various types of precipitation exist in this case.</p><p>References</p><p>[1] Tsuchiya, S., M. Kawasaki, H. Godo, 2015: Improvement of the radar rainfall accuracy of XRAIN by modifying of rainfall attenuation correction and compositing radar rainfall, Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), 2015, Volume 71, Issue 4, pp. I_457-I_462 (in Japanese with English abstract).</p><p>[2] Kouketsu, T., Uyeda, H., Ohigashi, T., Oue, M., Takeuchi, H., Shinoda, T., Tsuboki, K., Kubo, M., and Muramoto, K., 2015: A Hydrometeor Classification Method for X-Band Polarimetric Radar: Construction and Validation Focusing on Solid Hydrometeors under Moist Environments, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32(11), 2052-2074.</p>

scholarly journals A Three-Dimensional Simulation of Supercell Convective Storm

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Spiridonov ◽  
Z. Dimitrovski ◽  
M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Cloud Model ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Radar Reflectivity ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Convective Storm ◽  
Cloud Resolving Model ◽  
Dimensional Simulation

A supercell convective storm is simulated by using a cloud-resolving model. Numerical experiments have been performed in 3D by using the same domain size, with a different spatial and temporal resolution of the model. High-resolution cloud model has been shown to represent convective processing quite well. Running the model in a high-resolution mode gives a more realistic view of the life cycle of convective storm, internal structure, and storm behavior. The storm structure and evolutionary properties are evaluated by comparing the modeled radar reflectivity to the observed radar reflectivity. The comparative analysis between physical parameters shows good agreement among both model runs and compares well with observations, especially using a fine spatial resolution. The lack of measurements of these species in the convective outflow region does not allow us to evaluate the model results with observations. A three-dimensional simulation using higher grid resolution mode exhibits interesting features which include a double vortex circulation, cell splitting, and secondary cell formation.

The orbit of Pluto over a long interval of time

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Orbit ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Circular Restricted Problem ◽  
Resonance Relation

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.

Conformation of Ribosomes from Escherichia Coli

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
And Function

The present knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ribosomes is far too limited to enable a complete understanding of the various roles which ribosomes play in protein biosynthesis. The spatial arrangement of proteins and ribonuclec acids in ribosomes can be analysed in many ways. Determination of binding sites for individual proteins on ribonuclec acid and locations of the mutual positions of proteins on the ribosome using labeling with fluorescent dyes, cross-linking reagents, neutron-diffraction or antibodies against ribosomal proteins seem to be most successful approaches. Structure and function of ribosomes can be correlated be depleting the complete ribosomes of some proteins to the functionally inactive core and by subsequent partial reconstitution in order to regain active ribosomal particles.

Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
P.L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Amoeboid Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

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